The Main Influences On Gestalt Psychology - 757 Words

d reflection on the main influences on Gestalt psychology and how they contributed to its development. Since being discovered, gestalt psychology created vital contributions to the psychology of thinking and problem solving influenced by thinkers, including, Immanuel Kant, Ernst Mach and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. This paper will reflect on the main influences on Gestalt psychology, their contributions, and the principles of perceptual organization. According to the Merriam-Webster, the definition of gestalt psychology is: the study of perception and behavior from the standpoint of an individual s response to configurational wholes with stress on the uniformity of psychological and physiological events and rejection of analysis into discrete events of stimulus, percept, and response One of the main influences on Gestalt psychology , and their ideas influenced the later development of cognitive psychology. The gestaltists argued that understanding mind and behavior could not be achieved by trying to dissect conscious experience into its sensory elements, or by reducing complex behavior to elementary stimulus-response units. Rather, their emphasis was on phenomenologically whole experiences, and before long their movement came to be identified with this catch phrase: The whole of an experience is greater than the sum of its individual parts. Three german gestalt pioneers emigrated from Europe to the US, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Hohler.Show MoreRelatedThe Theories Of Gestalt Psychology1503 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopment of Gestalt Psychology Phrases such as â€Å"seeing the forest from the trees† and â€Å"the whole is greater than the sum of the parts† have roots grounded in the same ideals of Gestalt psychology. These phrases best describe the purpose of Gestalt psychology in how they emphasize focusing on the big picture and not just the colors. The Gestalt concept of perception is how the mind understands the world around it by seeing it in whole forms, not simple elements. The human brain and consciousnessRead MoreGeslalt Psychology1501 Words   |  7 PagesGestalt psychology means unified whole. Gestalt psychology does not look at things as individual elements but as a whole. The three main founders who established the school of gestalt psychology were Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka as well as Wolfgang Kohler. The foundations of the Gestalt psychology are perception, memory and learning. Some of the principles of Gestalt psychology are isomorphism, productive thinking as well as reproductive thinking w hich will be elaborated in this essay. One of theRead MoreGestalt And Humanistic Modes Of Thought800 Words   |  4 PagesGestalt and humanistic modes of thought share the idea that people have free-will and are able to make their own choices in life; also, a high importance is placed on a person’s experiences and personal viewpoint (Hergenhahn Henley, 2014). Phenomenology, or the introspective analysis of whole conceptual experiences, features prominently in both ideologies (Hergenhahn Henley, 2014). Another shared viewpoint is that human beings are unique, and as such there is a limit to what can be learned fromRead MoreThe Physiological And Psychological Workings Of Emotions1592 Words   |  7 PagesHappiness for People Who Can’t Stand Positive Feeling, said, in a blog, that no one actually has a clue what an emotion really is. However, there are theories attempting to define what an emotion is, starting with behaviourism and Gestalt psychology; two of the main schools of thought that have attempted to define an emotion. In the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, behaviourism is said to ‘promote the scientific study of behaviour’ , particularly that of individual persons and animals ratherRead More Empiricism and Behaviorism Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pagesthe twentieth century, the field of Psychology found itself in a war between two contending theoretical perspectives: Gestalt psychology versus Behaviorism. With its roots within the United States, behaviorists in America were developing a theory that believed psychology should not be concerned with the mind or with human consciousness. Instead, behavior and the actions of humans would be the foremost concern of psychologists. Across the Atlantic, Gestalt psychology emerged by placing its criticismRead MoreSchool of Thought1108 Words   |  5 PagesPage1 When psychology was first established as a science it separated from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. 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The essay will then consider the Gestaltists approach to psychology by looking at their main beliefs, experiments and their legacy and link it to the scientific principles. Finally, it will summarize the influence both Wundt and the Gestaltists had on establishing psychology as a science. Scientific principles describe the steps of psychological researchRead MoreAdlerian Therapy and Gestalt Therapy: A Compare and Contrast4370 Words   |  18 PagesCompare contrast Adlerian Therapy and Gestalt Therapy Introduction This paper will carry out a comparative analysis of the two most important psychological therapies, the Adlerian Therapy and the Gestalt Therapy. Adlerian Therapy This therapy was named after Alfred Adler. Some of the main components of a person that are taken into consideration by the therapy include concepts of inferiority, superiority held by a person, social interests, likes and dislikes, lifestyles, priorities and birth

A Study of the Modernism Elements in William Faulkners...

Introduction At first talking about the author can be essential to go through the topic. William Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi in 1897. He became Famous from the set of novels that explore the South’s historical legacy, fraught and violent present. His works are usually rooted in his fictional city in the county of Mississippi, Yoknapatawpha. This setting which was the microcosm of the south he imaginarily knew it very well. He could look into as binoculars which he could go through the society and people. He was particularly interested in the moral implications in the history. It - â€Å"A ROSE for Emily†- was first published on April 30, 1930. This is the time of the high modernism with the rise of its elements. Faulkner once†¦show more content†¦The narrators talks about the conflict between Emily and the â€Å"new generation† on the tax notices they send and she is not willing to pay due to theColonel Sartoris, the town’s previous mayor who suspended Emily`s tax after her father`s death, because once he had loaned to the city. In the next section, it is flashbacked thirty years ago. The time when her father has already dead and she has just abandoned by her beloved man. In section three and four, after her father`s death, the summer after. She was sick for a long time. The streets were being paved by new contracts with a northerner, Homer Baren who was Emily`s beloved. She poisoned and murdered him. Many years passes until her death. And in the last section, it is the funeral ceremony taking place and after when the secret is revealed after forty years when Homer was disappeared.According to Schwab, William Faulkner told the story after Emilys death in a series of flashbacks to show time standing still for Emily.The narrator seeks through the character`s mind and shifts the sign as an element of a modernism text. Another remarkable form of writing which is significant form of modernism text is the use first person narr ation while it is not usually seen in the traditional ones. Of investigating the theme of the story – tradition versus change – it can be discussed about the monuments represented in the story. When Emily dies the whole town went to the funeral of a

Counseling Ethics Doctor Susan Lim

Question: Write about theCounseling Ethicsfor Doctor Susan Lim. Answer: Introduction The moral theories assist a person in making judgment regarding the right or wrong actions. In the recent years, several moral theories have emerged which assist a person in determining whether an action is morally correct or not. In certain situations, moral dilemma arises where taking a specific course of action can result in harm to some other people, whereas taking another course of action can result in harm to some other people. In this regard, a person can take help of moral theories to take ethical decisions. In professional practices, it is important to maintain ethical behavior in order to maintain the integrity of the profession. Several accreditation societies follow stringent have implemented stringent rules in order to maintain the integrity of the profession. In this regard, it is important to take into consideration the moral theories and adopt a specific morality framework so that a person chooses the best action in case of ethical dilemma. In this regard, the present essay evaluates the case of Doctor Susan Lim and her ethical dilemma. Her ethical decision is defended using deontological moral theory. In addition to it, a decision making framework is proposed which can assist the doctor in future decisions. The Ethical Dilemma of Doctor Susan Lim Susan Lim is one of the most prominent doctors in Singapore. She handled the case of breast cancer of the sister of Queen of Brunei. The sister was admitted in her hospital and she provided all the care to the patient. Later, the Royal Family of Brunei accused her of charging high fees. When she realized that the Singapore Medical Council and the Brunei royal family are accusing her, Doctor Susan Lim faced the ethical dilemma of whether she should reveal confidential information related to the royal family and their relations with the Brunei government (John Harding, 2011). In order to defend her situation, she needs to reveal sensitive information which can impact adversely on other stakeholders (Broad, 2000). Different Stakeholders in the Ethical Dilemma The stakeholders can be identified as all those people who will be affected by the decision of the Doctor. In the below section, the major stakeholders are identified: Doctor Susan Lim She is the primary stakeholder of the case. She provided services to the patient and obtained training and facilities so that the patient can be provided with excellent treatment. Later, she charged fees from the patient according relative to the services provided to her. However, she was accused of high fees which resulted in a case against her. In order to present her defense, she needs to reveal information which will damage the repute of her patients family. If she will not reveal it, it will make her defense week. Singapore Medical Council The Singapore Medical Council (SMC) is a statuary board which regulates the professional conduct and ethics of the medical practitioners. It develops the guidelines for the medical practitioners for ethical conduct (Singapore Medical Council, 2017). Susan Lim overcharged her client which is breach of the ethical guidelines of the organization. Royal Family of Brunei In the present case, the victim is the royal family of Brunei. The family was heavily charged. The fees imposed upon the family were very high in comparison to the services offered. Getting influenced by the wealth and affluence of the family, she hikes her service charges. Moreover, when she faced charged for overcharging, she also tried to exploit the vulnerable relations of Brunei government and the royal family. 8-Step Decision Making Model Ethical decision making is an important part of a professionals life. While confronted with the ethical dilemma, it is important to follow guidelines so that minimum stakeholders are negatively affected with the ethical dilemma. In this situation, 8-step ethical guide is proposed to assist the doctor in taking the best fit decision. Gather the Facts: In this phase, an individual should obtain all the facts and information related to the case. Moreover, it is important that all the possible alternatives and their impact on the stakeholders are examined. The doctor should also examine the extent of impact on different stakeholders for ethical decision-making. In the present case, the stakeholders are Brunei family, Doctor Susan Lim and Singapore Medical Council. If Doctor Lim exposes the vulnerable relations between Brunei Family and government, it will spread bad name for the family and the government. Moreover, this information is not directly linked with the case; therefore, it is not sure that it will be positive for the case. Definition of the Ethical Issue: In this phase, an individual or organization needs to define the ethical issue or dilemma. In the present case, the ethical dilemma for the doctor is that whether she should reveal the information related to the vulnerable relations between the Brunei Government and the Royal Family. If she will reveal the sensitive information, it will do potential harm to her past client. It is also against the professional integrity. Moreover, if she does not reveal the information, her chances of getting prosecuted will increase. Identification of Affected Parties In the present case, the affected parties are Brunei Family, Singapore Medical Council, and the Brunei Government. If the doctor will reveal the information, it will adversely impact on the Brunei government and the royal family. Identification of Consequences In this phase, an individual has to identify all the possible consequences which can occur from a certain action. In this phase, the decision-maker has to evaluate all the alternatives based on their consequences and their impact. In the present case, if the doctor needs to reveal the information to protect herself from accusation. However, it may cause negative impact on the reputation of Brunei Family and the Brunei government. Identification of Obligations In the present case, doctor has obligation towards her past client and the Singapore Medical Council. According to the professional ethics of doctor-patient confidentiality, the doctors or the medical practitioners cannot reveal the sensitive information regarding their clients (Miller, 2008). If Doctor Susan Lim reveals the information, it will breach the confidentiality of the patient. Moreover, according to the principles of professional conduct of the Singapore Medical Council, a professional should maintain the professional integrity and should not engage in behavior which causes potential harm to the client. Consideration of Personal Character and Integrity In this phase, the decision maker has to evaluate his personal character and values. Every person grows with a specific set of beliefs and virtues. The doctor should consider self-evaluation and adopt the practices which align with his personal character. According to the case-study, it can be identified that the Doctor has been successful in his career and brought several technologies in Singapore. She has contributed a lot for the welfare of the Singaporean society. Therefore, it can be critiqued that the moral standards of the person are high (Jacob, Decker Hartshorne, 2010). Identifying Different Alternatives In good decision-making, it is important that the person should identify different alternatives and their impact on the stakeholders. In the present case, the primary stakeholders of the company are Brunei government and the doctor. There are two alternatives to the situation, either the doctor can opt to reveal the sensitive information regarding the vulnerable relations between Brunei government and the royal family or choose to conceal it. Taking the Final Action In this phase, it is correct action is taken after the evaluation of all the alternatives. Accordingly, it is proposed that the Doctor should opt to conceal the information regarding the sensitive relation between Brunei government and royal family. Justification with the Ethical Theories In the recent years, a large number of moral theories have emerged which tries to develop a framework through which the righteousness of the actions could be determined (Sher, 2012). The most common moral theories are utilitarianism and deontology. The utilitarianism is the most common and popular theory which states that an action could be categorized as right or wrong based on its consequences. According to this theory, if an action has positive outcomes on the stakeholders then it is a morally correct action. In contrast to it, if the consequences of the action are bad for the society or the stakeholders, then that action will be considered as an immoral action. The utilitarianism is based on the utility theory which states that the best action is one which has maximum utility. In this moral theory, the utility is defined as the sum of all the benefits derived from an action and subtracting from it the sufferings imposed from the action. According to this theory, the utility of ac tion is the only determinant of the possibility of an action. The theory dictates that a person should consider the interest of all the stakeholders involved rather than considering only self-interest. This theory states that the interest of all the stakeholders should be considered equally (Dreier, 2009). When this theory is applied on the case of Doctor Susan Lim, it can be evaluated that the doctor should decide to conceal the facts known to her. She should consider the interest of patient, her family and the Brunei government. It can be analyzed that there are certain shortcomings of this theory. For instance, nobody can determine the future consequences of a certain action. If the doctor chooses to conceal the information regarding the relations between Brunei government and the Royal family, it can have negative impact on the society or in the filed case. In the application of this theory, it can be critiqued that favoritism influences the decisions. In utilitarian decision ma king, the basic instincts of a person take over and a person takes a decision in personal favor (Jacobs, 2008). The deontological theory is a normative ethical theory. It states that the ethical position of an action could be determined according to certain rules. It is different from utilitarianism in which the focus is on consequences rather than the action itself. However, deontological theory emphasizes on the morality of the actions. In the context of the professional ethics, there are certain ethical codes which need to be followed for integral and ethical conduct (Waluvhow, 2003). According to this theory, the doctor should not deviate from rules, in spite of the consequences. The professional Code of Conduct developed by Singapore Medical Council (SMC) states that all the medical professionals should follow ethical conduct in their medical practices (Haidt, 2012). It includes charging he client in proportion to the services provided to them. Moreover, all the medical professionals should follow the basic integrity and confidentiality principles. It means that the doctors or the healthc are professionals should not reveal sensitive information which can cause potential harm to the clients. The deontological theory has certain shortcomings. It can be evaluated by the application of the deontological principles on the case study that a person cannot deviate from the rules in order to prevent future disasters. They can also not breach duty to prevent violations caused by other people. In essence, when a person follows the deontological principles he cannot deviate from the principles even in complex situations. Conclusion It can be concluded that Susan Lim should decide to not reveal the sensitive information related to the Brunei family and the government. The decision is reached by the application of 8 step decision making model. According to the utilitarianism theory, a person should consider the benefit of all the stakeholders rather than self-interest. Therefore, according to this theory, the action is justified. The deontological theory states that a person should abide by certain rules and regulations in any situation. According to this theory, the decision of concealing the information is morally correct. References Asia One Health. 2016. Surgeon billed Brunei patient $40m over 4 years. Retrieved December 10, 2016 https://health.asiaone.com/health/health-news/surgeon-billed-brunei-patient-40m-over-4-years Broad, C.D. (2000). Five Types of Ethical Theory. Psychology Press.Chew, R. (2011). DOCTORS FEES AFTER SUSAN LIMS CASE Implications for the Medical Profession. May 3, 2017 from https://www.sma.org.sg/UploadedImg/files/Publications%20-%20SMA%20News/4511/Insight.pdf Haidt, J. (2012). The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion. Penguin UK. Hinman, L.M. (2012). Ethics: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory. Cengage Learning. Jacob, S., Decker, D.M., Hartshorne, T.S. (2010). Ethics and Law for School Psychologists. John Wiley Sons. Jacobs, J. (2008). Dimensions of Moral Theory: An Introduction to Metaethics and Moral Psychology. John Wiley Sons. John Harding. (2011). Dr Susan Lims threatening letter to Foreign Minister George Yeo. Retrieved December 10, 2016 https://johnharding.com/2011/03/dr-susan-lims-threatening-letter-to-foreign-minister-george-yeo/ Miller, T.W. (2008). School Violence and Primary Prevention. Springer Science Business Media. Sher, G. (2012).Ethics: Essential Readings in Moral Theory. Routledge. Singapore Medical Council. (2017). About SMC. Retrieved 4 May 2017 from https://www.healthprofessionals.gov.sg/content/hprof/smc/en.html Waluvhow, W.J. (2003). The Dimensions of Ethics: An Introduction to Ethical Theory. Broadview Press.

Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice

Question: Discuss about the Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. Answer: Introduction: While searching research article specific to the research questions, it is important to use specific search terms so that search process is defined and appropriate article with the search term is retrieved. Use of keywords in electronic databases provides specificity to the search. These key words indicate the topic, which the database is able to retrieve after matching it with entered key words (Shariff et al. 2013). There are various models that aids a nurse in clinical judgment. The Tanners model of clinical judgment and the evidence based practice framework are two relevant models to support nurse in clinical judgment during practice. Tanners model of clinical judgment proposes following the stage of recalling patient situation, noticing, interpreting, responding and reflection-on-action to engage in clinical learning and develop professionally in their career. This helps to analyze the biasness, ethical perspective, level of knowledge or experience in conducting a clinical task. This is a kind of self-assessment to judge clinical scenario and provide effective care to patients (Mariani et al. 2013). On the other hand, evidence based practices enables nurse to improve their clinical skills by integrating research evidence in nursing practice. This provide an extended role in which the Tanners model helps to identify the limitation in skills of nurses and the evidence based practice framework p rovides the opportunity to implement best practice by the application of best evidence in daily practice (Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt 2011). Randomized controlled trial is the highest level of evidence, which aims to determine the cause-effect relationship between an intervention and outcome. The main advantage is that it reduces biasness in the study by means of the randomization process. On the contrary, the purpose of systematic review is to present the main findings of different research literature to identify the effectiveness of interventions. It is a means to summarize and appraise the research articles (Olivo et al. 2008). The main of the research study was to examine the impact of telemonitoring based service design for the management of uncontrolled hypertension in patients. Research in this area was considered important due to the poor outcome seen from routine clinical procedure for hypertension treatment. This happened mainly due to infrequent monitoring of blood pressure by patients, poor treatment adherence and reluctance by doctors to intensify treatment. Hence, use of randomized controlled trial will help to evaluate the effect of intervention on health outcome. The primary outcome for the study include mean daytime ambulatory systolic blood pressure six months after the intervention and secondary outcome include both the daytime ambulatory systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Other indicators of secondary outcome measures included adherence to drugs, cholesterol level of patients, exercise tolerance and health related quality of life (McKinstry et al. 2013). In the study by McKinstry et al. (2013), participants were asked to self-measure their blood pressure twice every morning and evening by means of telemonitoring equipment. Through this means, the device could automatically transmit reading to mobile phones. Participants could share the feedback of blood pressure to other clinicians. The sample size of 400 participants is adequate for the study because the researcher utilized statistical method to estimate the sample size requirement for the study. This consideration wass based on study design and by means of calculation regarding appropriate size that could help to identify difference between telemonitoring and usual care (Zhong 2011). Post 6 months of intervention, the mean difference in daytime systolic ambulatory blood pressure between telemonitoring and usual care group was 4.3 mm Hg (95% confidence interval 2.0 to 6.5). This data tells that difference between blood pressure reading for telemonitoring and usual care arm. As the blood pressure fell between both group, the mean daytime systolic blood pressure revealed the difference for the two arms. On the other hand, 95% confidence interval means that of 100 different samples are taken, about 95 of the 100 confidence interval will contain the true mean value. Hence, the mean value within 95% confidence interval will lie between 2.0 to 6.5 and the value will fluctuate between this value. The p value for the mean difference in daytime systolic ambulatory blood pressure between telemonitoring and usual care group was 0.0002. The p value is the probability of finding the observed results when the null hypothesis of a research question is true. In this study, null hypothesis means no difference between blood pressure between two groups. P-value of 0.0002 reveal a statistically high significant. In case of telemonitoring group, the mean daytime ambulatory diastolic blood pressure fell from 87.4 mm Hg to 83.4 mm Hg. The difference in mean value for intervention and control group was 2.3 mm Hg. Although there was no difference in secondary outcome for both grpup, however telemonitoring was effective in lowering the blood pressure. The randomized controlled trial study in patients with uncontrolled hypertension gave positive results such a decrease in daytime ambulatory systolic and diastolic blood pressure. More compliance with intervention was also found as patients were found to frequently monitor blood pressure readings through the telemonitoring equipment. The intervention was also cost-effective as expense was only required for equipment, training and consultation. I also propose to use telemonitoring for uncontrolled hypertension patients due to positive implications for clinical studies. I would also make it more cost-effective by reducing the duplication of effort due to the time spent in adapting the new technology. This will be done by providing adequate training to staff regarding the efficiently using the telemonitoring equipment so that they become confident in handling it. This would also eliminate the problem of non-compliance with treatment and little attention to constantly monitor the blood p ressure. This intervention will promote easy access to constant blood pressure monitoring and seeking feedback from patients (McKinstry et al. 2013), Number of patients with healed ulcer (good outcome) in control group (Bandage A)= 65% Number of patients with no healed ulcer (bad outcome) in control group= 35% Number of patients with healed ulcer (good outcome) in intervention group (Bandage B)= 85% Number of patients with poor healing of ulcer (poor outcome) in intervention group (Bandage B)= 15% Bad outcome Good outcome Total Intervention group 15% (A) 85% (B) 100 Control group 35% (C) 65% (D) 100 A+C= 50% B+D= 150% 200 Relative risk of healing (RR)= = (15/ 100)/(35/100) = 0.428 Therefore, the relative risk of poor outcome in healing of leg ulcer is 0.428 If the risk is less than 1, it indicates that intervention group have less risk compared to control group. Absolute risk difference (ARD)= Difference in absolute risk between control and intervention group= 85%-65%- 20% Number needed to treat (NNT)= Inverse of absolute risk reduction= 1/ 20= 5 This indicates that atleast 5 people needed to treated to avoid poor outcome in healing leg ulcer The value of RR according to calculation is 4.28. As relative risk is the proportion of risk present between intervention and control group, this value suggest that the risk of bad outcome is more in control group compared to intervention group. The value for ARD is 20 %. This is simply the difference between risk compared to relative difference between risk. NNT value of 5 indicates that a minimum of people is needed to be treated to avoid the risk of poor outcome in healing. Bandage B is considered over Bandage for healing ulcer because its relative risk is low compared to Bandage A. While implementing any new intervention, it is necessary to evaluate the evaluate the chances of risk outcome. The minimum is the risk outcome, the more efficacious is the intervention. Hence, Bandage B should be considered over Bandage for treating leg ulcer. Part three: Implementation of EBP There are many barriers to implementing the new researching finding in clinical setting. These are: Organizational barrier- Due to lack of support in encouraging staffs to utilize evidence based intervention, health care professional continue to use traditional method of care. T compromises the desired quality of care. Issues in developing evidence based policy- To effectively integrate new research findings, appropriate policy development is needed. However, this is difficult due to the hectic procedure and initial arrangement to supply adequate information system. Complexity and size of research- Nurses and staffs face barrier in interpreting the complex research data and evaluating their relevance in particular practice area. Lack of training- When health care staffs are not adequately trained in evidence based care, it acts as a barrier in the integrating it in research practice (Sadeghi?Bazargani et al. 2014). This subject helped me prepare for my role as a junior clinician as I got to learn new things about the ways to apply best evidence in practice. The evaluation and analysis of the randomized controlled trial gave me new insight regarding the purpose of such studies and how it contributes to clinical intervention. Secondly, use of different models such as evidence based framework and the Tanners model of clinical judgment supported me in developing my critical reflection skill. This tool can be effectively used to judge clinical situation, interpret issues and contemplate best action to solve patient issue. Currently, there is also a focus on implementing evidence based care in practice and the evidence based framework will effectively guide me in retrieving the best evidence that can be applied in clinical setting. Reference Mariani, B., Cantrell, M.A., Meakim, C., Prieto, P. and Dreifuerst, K.T., 2013. Structured debriefing and students' clinical judgment abilities in simulation.Clinical Simulation in nursing,9(5), pp.e147-e155. McKinstry, B., Hanley, J., Wild, S., Pagliari, C., Paterson, M., Lewis, S., Sheikh, A., Krishan, A., Stoddart, A. and Padfield, P., 2013. Telemonitoring based service redesign for the management of uncontrolled hypertension: multicentre randomised controlled trial.BMj,346, p.f3030. Melnyk, B.M. and Fineout-Overholt, E. eds., 2011.Evidence-based practice in nursing healthcare: A guide to best practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Olivo, S.A., Macedo, L.G., Gadotti, I.C., Fuentes, J., Stanton, T. and Magee, D.J., 2008. Scales to assess the quality of randomized controlled trials: a systematic review.Physical therapy,88(2), p.156. Sadeghi?Bazargani, H., Tabrizi, J.S. and Azami?Aghdash, S., 2014. Barriers to evidence?based medicine: a systematic review.Journal of evaluation in clinical practice,20(6), pp.793-802. Shariff, S.Z., Bejaimal, S.A., Sontrop, J.M., Iansavichus, A.V., Haynes, R.B., Weir, M.A. and Garg, A.X., 2013. Retrieving clinical evidence: a comparison of PubMed and Google Scholar for quick clinical searches.Journal of medical Internet research,15(8), p.e164. Zhong, B., 2011. How to calculate sample size in randomized controlled trial?.Journal of thoracic disease,1(1), pp.51-54.